Conditioned Emotional Response Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conditioned Emotional Response - Article Example was tested. The experimenters had him confronted with different animals when he was nine months old. He normally tried to play with the rabbit, dog and rat that were presented to him. Then one day, while he was again given the rat and he moved to touch it with his hand, a person struck a hammer hard on a steel bar and a sharp sound produced. Instantly the child fixated both his eyes and hands. The next time he got to see the rat, he was not that much excited to touch the animal, obviously still shocked by the previous incident. This means that the child's emotional response was conditioned to the stimulus of sharp sound which was the expected result of joint stimulation. Similar experiments were done substituting the rat with other animals and conditioned responses were established. When Albert was eleven months he was again tested to see whether there was a transfer in the conditioned emotional response. A rat was shown to the child and his reaction was still negative. He started crying and crawled away. This was a very persuasive test. Such conditioned responses persist in different situations. When the child was experimented in a different setting following the same strategy, his fearful reaction was exactly similar to the ones already observed. The potency of such responses persists sometimes throughout life, not weakening over time.

Executive Summaary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Executive Summaary - Essay Example Kelly is the original developer of product and felt that given the time and circumstances, it couldn’t be done. The higher management on the other hand is also asking for operations to be optimized but Kelly insists that it is not possible right now. The case presents conflicting views and arguments of the big wigs of the company. While there are no proper plans in place for developing new products at Acu, the CEO of the company is also worried about another company getting away with the market share to a new scanner. He insists on using it in retail stores so that they can get customer feedback regarding what customers want and need. Recommendations and Conclusion: The most appropriate of all suggestions came in from Clif and they should be executed. Business is all about risk. Even if this is not the time to develop a new product, there is no harm in devising a strategy, an effective one and implementing the product. The money needed for the update can be obtained by equity or bond funding. Optimization of processes should be on the backburner while all focus should be on developing the new product to revamp and resurrect lost sales. All other extraneous expenditures should be cut down in the meanwhile to support the development of the new product.

Examining The Definition Of Modern Technology Media Essay

Examining The Definition Of Modern Technology Media Essay There is no real definition for Modern Technology. That is a tough one as it is so based on context. I would say that any technology that has not been superseded OR is more than 20 years old cannot be thought of as modern but that is a purely arbitrary date and you could say 5, or 10 or 25, or 50 years. Even Jet flight can be considered old technology. There is nothing better but it has been around since World War II. The influence of modern technology can easily be seen in the entertainment and advertising industries. The rise of modern technology of new media, especially internet, has increased the activity of communication between people all over the world. It has allowed people to express themselves through blogs, websites, pictures, and other user-generated media. Internet as a new media has changes the role of the audience. Nowadays, Interactive websites and kiosks have become popular. The advertising industry has capitalized on the proliferation of new media with large agencies running multi-million dollar interactive advertising subsidiaries. Public Relations firms also taking advantage of the opportunities in new media through interactive Public Relations practices. This diversity of media carriers appear under the influences of new communication technologies. Hence, the audience can take advantages over the media in more flexible and various ways and integrate new and old media into their daily lives (Virginia Nightingale Karen Hoss, 2006). According to Denis McQuail, the open context ha s realized revolutionary liberations due to advanced communication technologies. The audience has turning into searchers, consultants, viewers, reflectors, dialogists, and chatters from passive receivers, consumers, accepters, or target objects. Audience is the one who receives information passively in certain special scope. As the receiver in communication, the audience may be individuals, groups, or mass. A communication expert, McQuail, said in his work that: the mass concept was firstly advanced by Bloomer, a sociologist of Chicago school of sociology, in order to differentiate it from former group or public. The mass is incapable of discrimination or rejection. Only if receive information from media, the mass takes them completely just as a target being shot down (Denis McQuail, 1997). Generally speaking, the audience would accept all information from influential media. The powerful influences of media even impact the form of peoples values. In 1938, a broadcasting play edited from Wells fantastic story Star Wars, produced by Columbia Broadcasting System, caused a common panic for Martian Invasion. This event effectively illustrates the theory. Social Impact on Internet Audience With the advent of technology, a host of opportunities and dangers have opened up with the use of social networks like Facebook, Twitter, Yahoo groups, Linkd In and other virtual communities that bring people together. Modern technology allows strangers to communicate openly and without hesitation, many believing that their identity is safely hidden behind a monitor and no harm can come to them. Social networks have become surrogates for communities with a failure to first develop personal relationships and then allowing a social network to be an extension of an already formed relationship. In regards to online relationships, survey research indicates that online social relationships are weaker than off-line relationships (Parks Roberts, 1998), that people who use email regard it as less valuable than other modes of communication for maintaining social relationships (Cummings Kraut Attewell, 1996) that people who use email heavily have weaker social relationships than those who do not (Riphagen Kanfer, 1997) and that people who use the Internet heavily report spending less time communicating with their families. (Cole Jefrey, 2000). New media audience develops a new culture of Do-It-Yourself or customisation. Whereby the audience either decides what information they desire or how a discourse that shapes how consumers have deployed those technologies (Jenkins, 2002: 280). Downes states that as Internet media institutions are established, the cynical view of the audience as a source of consumer behaviour and preferences will inevitably give way, to some extent, to a view of the audience as participant in communication (Downes, 2000). The audiences of the Internet are both consumers and produces. Pavick Dennis defines the new media audience, as no longer even refer to audiences as they speak of users or consumers (quoted by Downes, 2000). Internet platform allows people to create their own content and distribute it widely (Barr, 2002: 244) examples of this are blogging and forums. In addition, audience will filter and select the contents of their own special interests and as a result, cultural and political life become increasingly polarised. Walter Bender cites technology empowers consumers to have a voice and the voice of consumers is growing exponentially (Quoted in Rao, 2003:79) The development of this new culture is seen towards online news. As online news is heading towards a more interactive approach where audience of the online news are different; they pull what are of interest to them as the internet incorporates radio, film and television and distributes them through push technology (Denis Mc Quail, 2000:119). Advantages of Internet as a New Media Medium New ideas will emerge only if old ideas can be challenged that leads to latest communication revolution the Internet. This new era is so significant that it seems it may soon be a main source for information. John Givens however argues that new media technologies and services supplement rather than replace their predecessors, radio threatened newspapers but did not destroy them. Television threatened radio and the cinema, but left them standing. (Given, 1998: 46). The convergence arises out of growing linkages between media, information technology and telecommunications. (Flew, 2004:10) hence digitization of tradition formats such as newspapers or photos. Technology is making life more convenient and enjoyable. The advantages of the Internet as a new media enables the building of the world biggest virtual shopping mall reduces the hassle to queue up in the bank or searching for news and information. The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers. The Internet allows online communications for example the popular internet messengers or internet replay communication, Flew points out that when compared to other media the Internet stands out because it is networked, interactive, enables two way communication, and allows its users to be both producers as well as consumers of content.(Flew, 2004:1). The Internet acts as a public sphere where is dominated by mass media conglomerates or oligopolies. (Devereux, 2003:66). Technological convergence of industries of media, computer and telecommunication creates new audiences. This new audience is the area of focus, how has the Internet as a form of a new media effects society today. The nature of the media audience is not very well understood. Commercial concerns interested in creating audience and media analysis often judge wrongly the nature of the audience. As a result audiences in Asia and America may experience either the same or different views after watching the same movie. An action film is prone to be experienced the same way, but comedy films may be interpreted differently due to cultural representation. That is why it is important to study audiences. According to Devereux, audience may have differing expectations about different media genres (Devereux, 2003:7). Sue Turnbull argue that the major problem for media audience research is how to pin the audience down, just how can the entire range of media practices in which people engage be limite d and defined.(Turnbull, 2002:86). In other words the audience is not one big mass. Rather, it consists of very different groups of people with different expectations of the media, different backgrounds and age groups, and different media consumption. In the past the media producers thought audiences were passive receivers of relatively discrete media messages, it is increasingly apparent that people today encounter many different and often contradictory media messages in wide variety of different context. A passive audience is one that accepts everything, and is easily manipulated by the media. Internet material is heading towards a more interactive approach where audiences are different; they pull rather than push media. According to Madanmohan Rao surveys found that online audiences go to the internet news sites to get more information about subjects that specifically interest them rather than to seek out general enlightenment. (Rao, 2003: 80). Hence, Internet has resulted in a radically changed on media landscape for media audiences. Stuart Hall and Denis Mc Quail are key theorists in the field of understanding media audience. Stuart Hall proposal a model of encoding and decoding that suggest the examination of the producer and the reception of media messages. The model outlines four main codes, dominant/hegemonic code, professional code, negotiated code and oppositional code. Denis Mc Quail provides an overview in diverse array of important media situation and discussing on media audience. Media research on what the audience uses the Internet and the gratification they receive. Mc Quail summarized uses and gratifications theory into four general areas, information, personal identity, integration and social interaction and entertainment. Disadvantages of Internet as a New Media Medium Although the Internet has proven to be a valuable asset in the new era, it has also presented negative effects. Internet is a poor substitute, with no doubt it has broken geographic barriers, and however has created barriers of its own. The Internet has the potential to further deprive individuals of social contacts such that the unintended consequences of social isolation and its implications cannot be excluded. The individualisation of leisure time becomes a further source of increased social isolation. It is natural that with an increase in time people spend surfing the net, the less time they spend with friends, neighbours, and family members. Thus, in addition to shopping in the biggest virtual mall, to find a bargain will not require the exchange of information with friends and relatives but rather a good search engine that provides all the details. The technology that has allowed people to keep in touch with distant family members and friends, to find information quickly and to develop friendships with people around the world apparently is also replacing vital, everyday human communication. Internet cannot provide intimacy. Turkle (1995: 235) pointed out the absurdity of the notion that community can arise from among people sitting alone, typing messages to virtual friends Nie and Erbring (2000) found that as Internet use increased, users were more likely to report a decrease in time spent talking to family and friends and attending social events Barnes states that the disadvantage of online dating is exceptional (quoted from Mathews, 2002). Online relationships may develop less interdependence, understanding, and commitment than comparable off-line ones do (Parks Roberts, 1998). Furthermore, they argue that contacts developed or maintained via the Internet by electronic mail lack the more involving quality of face-to-face contacts. Survey research indicates that online social relationships are weaker than off-line relationships (Parks Roberts, 1998), that people who use email regard it as less valuable as other modes of communication for maintaining social relationship (Cummings Kraut Attewell, 1996). The anonymity that is offered by the Internet permits people to create their own identity. Joe Schwartz believes that people cannot trust each other in a relationship until time has proved that person reliable (quoted from Mathews, 2002). Another area of concern is children and the Internet. Interaction with other children is essential to develop social skills. Internet and video games lack a great deal of abilities that children need to develop their social skills properly. When the child loses the motivation to interact with friends it is much easier for him or her to become addicted to the Internet (Monoroe, 2001). However, a child who does not learn to socialise when they are young rarely learns how to socially interact when the child becomes an adult. Both savoury and unsavoury contents are available on the Internet. Access to these materials such as pornographic at an early age will cause harm to children behaviour in future. However, legislation and censorship tries to controls the access to these sites through firewalls to restrict the access of children to sexually explicit materials on the Internet. Key Theorist on Relationship between Media and Audience Mc Quail (2000) summarized uses and gratifications theory into four areas: (1) The first is information, where we use the media to educate us in certain areas, such as learning more about the world, seeking advice on practical matters, or fulfilling our curiosity. (2) The second factor is personal identityà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, where we may watch television to associate an actorà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ character with our own. For example in the comedy Friendsà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ all the actors have different personalities, we as the audience imagines or desires that we were them or resembling them. (3) The third usage of media is integration and social interactionà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, and refers to gaining insight into the situations of other people, in order to achieve a sense of belonging. For example, when watching a movie, we may get very emotional because we experience a sense of connection to the movie, and experience symptoms like crying, or covering our eyes. Television also facilitates us in our per sonal relationship with friends as we are able to relate and discuss details of media texts that we like in common with our friends. And (4) the fourth usage of the media identified by Mc Quail is Ëœentertainmentà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, that is, using media for purposes of obtaining pleasure and enjoyment, or escapism. For example when we watch TV shows or movies we end up going into a new world of fantasy, diverting our attention from our problems, wasting time when we are free and even sometimes acquiring sexual arousal or emotional release. However, there are criticisms to this approach, as not all media is related to the pursuit of gratification and it has been taken for granted that audience accept the content of the media. James Lull claims the problem is because the uses and gratifications perspective assumes that people willingly engage the mass media and benefit from the experience, it is often associated with the highly criticized notion that mass media function positively for society. (Lull, 2002: 111). Many theories concerns the impacts suffered by the audience from influential media, including the audience as targets, agenda setting theory, culture normalization theory, and significance constitution theory. Researchers focus on influential media communication and define the audience as being passive and flatten. The study perspective is fixed on the powerful effects of media. Television is a classical representative of influential media in mass communication. A special communication form in mass culture comes into being. Conclusion Lastly, the network communication reflects information exchange and feedback, and the characteristics of bilateral communication. Not only the effects of network but also the coming of new science and technology revolution, and the emergence of mobile phones, televisions, and other communication ways have driven the changes of communication form and defined a new concept of audience. The appearance of new audience concept drives researches on the paradigm of audience. In Audience, Abercrombie and Longhurst cite Kuhns paradigm concept, classify studies on audience into three paradigms, and advance the spectacle/ performance paradigm that consists of spectacle, performance, imagination, and image, forming a new study perspective under the convergence of new media. As media image impacts the daily life, the convergence of media makes everyone directly or indirectly become an audience, as well as a performer. By this way, the contents producer in communication and the receiver integrate together. As the audience employs the media initiatively and interactively, the media will help the audience realize the search or construction of self image. Peoples subjective and objective integration is the base for bilateral communication studies. Just as what was concluded in Mc Quails Audience Analysis: Reviewing the history of audience studies, we notice that the studies are continuously developing from being controlled audience to self-governance. The evolvement of audience theories vividly shows us the changing route from the media disseminator perspective to the receiver perspective. The audience study tends to emphasize on the re-discovery of people (Denis Mc Quail, 2006). From the ethnography perspective in media studies, no matter what it is ideology machine or communication media, it is not based on communication technologies or disseminators but originated from a groups daily life. There is a continuously creating relationship between creators and creations. Under the impacts of media convergence, the audience gradually forms the subjectivity. Due to the continuous changes of the relationship between the audience, and media text, individuals construct self media centers. In todays media convergence, the audience constitutes the personalized media center and becomes the performer who shows himself or herself by texts, which breaks the border between producers and passive receivers, forming a multi-dimensional space for information exchange. Social networking is indeed the modern, efficient and effective way to communicate but it must be tempered with proper decorum, caution and purpose. Yet, the relationship between the media and the public has changed tremendously over time. Media production, indeed, is the primary unit in the process of message Modern Technology.

The Effects of American Reform Movements in the 1900s :: American America History

The Effects of American Reform Movements in the 1900s Living in the United States of America is all about opportunity. The opportunity to get a good job, make money, and lead a life of good quality; in other words, the opportunity to Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. However the opportunity for many people was not around through out the 1800s. Certain groups of people did not hold the basic rights that were guaranteed by the Constitution. In fact, most of the people that had opportunity were the wealthy white men, and few other people ever had any chances to lead a good life. For example, at the end of the 1800s African Americans had some rights, however a lot of their rights were severely limited by laws that were made by the wealthy white men. Also, Native Americans didn’t have any rights at all; they weren’t even considered United States citizens. So how did the United States go from a country that only benefited white men to a land of opportunity for everyone? The answer to this is through reform mov ements. The many reform movements through out United States History as shaped American Society and Culture to what it is today. For example, the Progressive movement saw many laws passed which are still in effect today. Also, without the Civil Rights movements we would still be living in a hypocritical, racist society. In the late 1800’s a group of Americans decided that something needed to be done about the decline of moral and ethical values in most Americans. These people called themselves the progressives and started one of the most comprehensive reform movements in the United States to this day. Progressivism became so widespread that by the end of World War I, anyone who didn’t agree with Progressive ideals was labeled a communist. The Progressives had four major goals that they wished to accomplish. These four goals were to democratize America, to Americanize America, the humanization of capitalism and rationalization of the economy. Each goal dealt with a different aspect of America’s society that the Progressives thought needed help. The way these goals were accomplished was to get laws passed that would reform the practices of many Americans. Progressives held that in order to bring American back to its old time, rural values people would need to attend church m ore.

Case Analysis Callaway Golf Company Essay

When it comes to the factors contributed to Callaway Golf Company’s success, the tremendous effort it made on updating technology was one thing. With Senior Executive Vice President like Richard Helmstetter, who is the Chief of New Products as well, Research and Development has always been the lifeblood of Callaway Golf Company (CGC). Helmstetter believes that â€Å"If you can make something sufficiently good, what it costs doesn’t matter.† CGC was consistently be on the leading position of technology, which differentiated their products from others and led to the results that CGC sold more units of equipment at the higher price than any other of its competitors in the market. The consumer behavior in golf equipment industry was another factor that led to CGC’s success. First, golf was unlike almost any other sport, the equipment played a significant role in golfer’s performance. Therefore, golfers always seeking for an edge that would help improve their plays. Average golfers, who were the segment CGC targeted, were able to tell the noticeable differences when they used premium equipment. The advanced technologies CGC had with their products perfectly fitted the behavior. Second, when making a purchase, most golfers accepted word-of-mouth recommendations. The form of advertising worked for CGC since golf was played in groups of people who spent hours together, and whenever one player had a good shot with a new club, it impressed others. The last factor that contributed to CGC’s success was the support mechanisms it provided to its retailers. As CGC achieved product differentiation with continuously updated technology, it was important for retail salespeople to understand the product and technology well. To accomplish the goal, CGC supplied its retailers with brochures, informational videos, pocket-sized product guides, and training. CGC also provided product advertising, endorsements, warranty programs and most importantly, the closeouts to help its retail channels. Closeouts occurred when a new-product introduction or when CGC would like to get rid of its inventory and it helped the retailers to bring down the average cost of the remaining inventory as well. As a result of these support mechanisms, CGC was placed in top three for excellence in customer service.

Holden Caulfield Diagnostic

Holden Caulfield Medical Diagnosis Holden Caulfield Medical Diagnosis Dear Mister and Misses Caulfield, my name is Dr: Connor Grist and I have been mister Holden Caulfield’s psychologist over the past couple weeks. Asking him about his life story and what he has gone through. Through his explanation of his life story, I was able to uncover 3 key behavioral characteristics that I believe he suffers from. Through my research, I believe that he suffers he uses profanity laced vocabulary and abusive language often. He is also depressed, sad and disturbed through his life story that he has told me.Finally he is also withdrawn seclusive and friendless because of his inability to overlook flaws in people. This information has let me to diagnose him with Depression-Anxiety. For the time era in which Holden grew up (1970s) he has a very profanity laced vocabulary, which is most likely because of his anxiety and depression. Throughout the book he could have quite possibly said the phras e â€Å"God Dam† more than 100 times. Although this would be more accepted today, a generation or two ago this would have been very frowned upon for a teenager to talk like that.Holden is also hypocritical in a way with his swearing because near the end of the book he begins to try and erase all of the profanity on the wall and while he thinks that he is ridding the world of evil, he often is the source of some of the evil with his swearing. Throughout the book, you can often notice and sense that Holden is quite depressed and sad all of the time. This is because near the end of the book, he is trying the play the role of the â€Å"Catcher† but he soon realizes that he can never rid the world of all the evil that he doesn’t want Phobe to see.He tells Phoebe that he wants to prevent children from growing up. He blames the world’s corruption on adults and believes that when he stops the children from growing up he will preserve their innocence and save the world. Finally, he realizes that not only is there nothing that he can do, but there is nowhere he can go to hide from it. Ironically enough, it is one of the â€Å"innocent† children that he is trying to protect who helps him come to terms with this realization. It is Phoebe who challenges his plan to escape out west.As he is telling Phoebe that she cannot run away, he discovers that he too cannot run away. â€Å" You can’t ever find a place that is nice and peaceful, because there isn’t any. † The final breakdown comes near the end of the book when he is watching Phoebe on the carousel. As all the kids on the carousel try to grab the golden rings, Holden hits the final breakdown. Being the â€Å" catcher â€Å" becomes obviously unrealistic. Finally Holden is usually withdrawn and friendless because of his inability to accept people for who they are and constantly pick out their flaws.As you read and read through the book, you will get the sense the H olden has never really had a true friend. He is usually nice to most people but really he thinks that they are phonies. An example of this would be on page 77 where Holden Says, â€Å" She was a funny girl, old Jane. I wouldn’t exactly describe her as strictly beautiful. She knocked me out though. She was sort of muckle-mouthed. When she was talking, her mouth sort of went in about 50 different directions her lips and all â€Å".This quote shows that even the people Holden likes a lot, such as Jane Gallagher he still has to be judgmental and find the flaws in them. This ultimately leads to Holden being forever alone in the book. In Conclusion, Holden Caulfield has been diagnosed with a anxiety-depression disorder because of his profanity laced vocabulary, his depressed sad and disturbed state, and his inability to accept people for who they are without being judgmental and picking out their flaws. A treatment recommendation for this would be to continue therapy sessions and anti-depressant medication.

The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live

The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live The DWT Freelance Writing Course Is Live By Daniel Scocco As you probably know the Internet is growing faster than ever, and content is what fosters that growth. As a result there is a strong demand for writers online right now, ranging from copywriters to paid bloggers and magazine writers. That is why a couple of months ago we ran a poll asking our readers if they would be interested in a freelance writing course. Over 500 people answered positively, so we got busy and created one. It’s a 6-week course aimed at giving you all the information you need to start making money freelance writing online. The core content was created by Ali Hale. Apart from writing for us she is a very successful freelance writer. In fact after only eight months writing online she managed to quit her job, and today she is a full time freelance writer and coach for aspiring writers. I also contributed to some of the Internet marketing related lessons, and both Ali and I will be hanging in the private forums to answer questions and interact with the students. The course will remain open for enrollment for 48 hours only (i.e., doors close on Friday, 8am EST), so if you are interested I would recommend you to check it out now. You can click here to visit the course page with all the relevant information. If you have a question just leave a comment below with it and Ill be glad to answer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-Efficient40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†When to Spell Out Numbers

The Causes of the American Civil War

The Causes of the American Civil War The causes of the Civil War may be traced to a complex mix of factors, some of which can be traced back to the earliest years of American colonization. Principal among the issues were the following: Slavery Slavery in the United States first began in Virginia in 1619. By the end of the American Revolution, most northern states had abandoned the institution and it was made illegal in many parts of the North in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Conversely, slavery continued to grow and flourish in the plantation economy of the South where the cultivation of cotton, a lucrative but labor intensive crop, was on the rise. Possessing a more stratified social structure than the North, the Souths slaves were largely held by a small percentage of the population though the institution enjoyed broad support across class lines. In 1850, the population of the South was around 6 million of which approximately 350,000 owned slaves. In the years prior to the Civil War almost all sectional conflicts revolved around the slave issue. This began with the debates over the three-fifths clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which dealt with how slaves would be counted when determining a states population and as a result, its representation in Congress.   It continued with the Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) which established the practice of admitting a free state (Maine) and slave state (Missouri) to the union around the same time to maintain regional balance in the Senate. Subsequent clashes occurred involving the Nullification Crisis of 1832, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, and the Compromise of 1850. The implementation of the Gag Rule, passed part of the 1836 Pinckney Resolutions, effectively stated that Congress would take no action on petitions or similar relating to the limiting or abolition of slavery. Two Regions on Separate Paths Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government. While they benefited from most presidents being from the South, they were particularly concerned about retaining a balance of power within in the Senate. As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of free and slave states. Begun in 1820 with the admission of Missouri and Maine, this approach saw Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin join the union. The balance was finally disrupted in 1850, when Southerners permitted California to enter as a free state in exchange for laws strengthening slavery such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This balance was further upset with the additions of free Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859). The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants. In the period before the war, seven of eight immigrants to the United States settled in the North and the majority brought with them negative viewpoints regarding slavery. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president. Slavery in the Territories The political issue that finally moved the nation towards conflict was that of slavery in the western territories won during the Mexican-American War. These lands comprised all or parts of the present-day states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. A similar issue had been dealt with earlier, in 1820, when, as part of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of 36 °30N latitude (the southern border of Missouri). Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania attempted to prevent slavery in the new territories in 1846, when he introduced the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After extensive debate it was defeated. In 1850, an attempt was made to resolve the issue. A part of the Compromise of 1850, which also admitted California as a free state, called for slavery in the unorganized lands (largely Arizona New Mexico) received from Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty. This meant that the local people and their territorial legislatures would decide for themselves whether slavery would be permitted. Many thought that this decision had solved the issue until it was raised again in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Bleeding Kansas Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially repealed the line imposed by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas, an ardent believer in grassroots democracy, felt that all the territories should be subject to popular sovereignty. Seen as a concession to the South, the act led to an influx of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Operating from rival territorial capitals, the Free Staters and Border Ruffians engaged in open violence for three years. Though pro-slavery forces from Missouri had openly and improperly influenced elections in the territory, President James Buchanan accepted their Lecompton Constitution, and offered it to Congress for statehood. This was turned down by Congress which ordered a new election. In 1859, the anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution was accepted by Congress. The fighting in Kansas further heightened tensions between North and South. States Rights As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states rights argument to protect slavery. Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibited by the Tenth Amendment from impinging upon the right of slaveholders take their property into a new territory. They also stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed. They felt that this type of strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution coupled with nullification, or perhaps secession would protect their way of life. Abolitionism The issue of slavery was further heightened by the rise of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Beginning in the North, adherents believed that slavery was morally wrong rather than simply a social evil. Abolitionists ranged in their beliefs from those who thought that all slaves should be freed immediately (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas) to those calling for gradual emancipation (Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan), to those who simply wanted to stop the spread of slavery and its influence (Abraham Lincoln). Abolitionists campaigned for the end of the peculiar institution and supported anti-slavery causes such as the Free State movement in Kansas. Upon the rise of the Abolitionists, an ideological debate arose with the Southerners regarding the morality of slavery with both sides frequently citing Biblical sources. In 1852, the Abolitionist cause received increased attention following the publication of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the book aided in turning the public against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Causes of the Civil War: John Browns Raid John Brown first made a name for himself during the Bleeding Kansas crisis. A fervent abolitionist, Brown, along with his sons, fought with anti-slavery forces and were best known for the Pottawatomie Massacre where they killed five pro-slavery farmers. While most abolitionists were pacifists, Brown advocated violence and insurrection to end the evils of slavery. In October 1859, financed by the extreme wing of the Abolitionist movement, Brown and eighteen men attempted to raid the government armory at Harpers Ferry, VA. Believing that the nations slaves were ready to rise up, Brown attacked with the goal of obtaining weapons for the insurrection. After initial success, the raiders were cornered in the armorys engine house by local militia. Shortly thereafter, US Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee arrived and captured Brown. Tried for treason, Brown was hanged that December. Before his death, he predicted that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with Blood. Causes of the Civil War: The Collapse of the Two-Party System The tensions between North and South were mirrored in a growing schism in the nations political parties. Following the compromise of 1850 and the crisis in Kansas, the nations two major parties, the Whigs and Democrats, began to fracture along regional lines. In the North, the Whigs largely blended into a new party: the Republicans. Formed in 1854, as an anti-slavery party, the Republicans offered a progressive vision for the future that included an emphasis on industrialization, education, and homesteading. Though their presidential candidate, John C. Frà ©mont, was defeated in 1856, the party polled strongly in the North and showed that it was the Northern party of the future. In the South, the Republican Party was viewed as a divisive element and one that could lead to conflict. Causes of the Civil War: Election of 1860 With the division of the Democrats, there was much apprehension as the election 1860 approached. The lack of a candidate with national appeal signaled that change was coming. Representing the Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, while Stephen Douglas stood for the Northern Democrats. Their counterparts in the South nominated John C. Breckinridge. Looking to find a compromise, former Whigs in the border states created the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell. Balloting unfolded along precise sectional lines as Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South, and Bell won the border states. Douglas claimed Missouri and part of New Jersey. The North, with its growing population and increased electoral power had accomplished what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states. Causes of the Civil War: Secession Begins In response to Lincolns victory, South Carolina opened a convention to discuss seceding from the Union. On December 24, 1860, it adopted a declaration of secession and left the Union. Through the Secession Winter of 1861, it was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As states departed, local forces took control of federal forts and installations without any resistance from the Buchanan Administration. The most egregious act took place in Texas, where Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered one-quarter of the entire standing US Army without a shot fired. When Lincoln finally entered office on March 4, 1861, he inherited a collapsing nation. Election of 1860 Candidate Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Abraham Lincoln Republican 180 1,866,452 Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat 12 1,375,157 John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat 72 847,953 John Bell Constitutional Union 39 590,631 The Causes of the American Civil War The Causes of the American Civil War Free Online Research Papers The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict ever fought in U.S. History. This war had divided the American Nation between the North (which was designated ‘The Union’) and South (which was ‘the Confederacy’). The causes of this war are very wide ranged and debatable. However, the most debated, relevant, and obvious causes would include: Conflicts of slavery, the election of President Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of southern states. The conflict of slavery has been the most debated cause of the entire conflict of the American Civil War. The north and south had many contradicting perspectives on the way a lifestyle should be. The north put forth an immense effort to push their beliefs of the immorality of slavery in order to get the forced servitude of human beings outlawed in all parts of the United States. The south, inverse to the northern principle, believed slavery was a necessity for the production of cotton that largely contributed to the economic growth of U.S. The standard southern ideology was that slaves were personal property of their owners, which was a southern principle that was protected under the Constitution of the United States. This disagreement was the first main stepping stone to the War Between the States. The election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the U.S. was the last straw, so to speak, for the south. As a result of Lincoln’s proposal of compensation emancipation and being referred to as the leader of a Black Republican party during his clash with Stephen Douglas, he was basically dubbed as an anti-slavery supporter. The south believed that, with Abraham Lincoln as president, they had no chance to gain the representation in the Senate and House that they believed they deserved. Due to Lincoln’s election, a month afterwards, South Carolina seceded the United States. South Carolina was later followed by Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and then Texas. As a consequence of Lincoln’s beliefs of preserving the Union, he privately attempted to persuade the seceded southern states to return. It was established the secession was illegal, though the constitution gave no power to stop it. So, as a result, the south drafted its own constitution and formed the Confederacy. Then shortly after, the Confederacy believed it was unnecessary for the Union forts to be in Confederate territory. When the Union ignored this claim, the Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter. The attack on a Union Fort began the Civil War. So, to put it briefly, it was mainly the disagreements between two different ways of life that created the conflicts that lead to the bloodiest war in America’s history. Once the south lost hope in maintaining control in the Senate and House when Lincoln was elected, they alleged that their way of life was then threatened. So accordingly, the south revolted to preserve their lifestyle and become independent from Unites States, which was under the control of the faction (the Union) that had a contradictory way of life from the south. Research Papers on The Causes of the American Civil War19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTwilight of the UAWAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Capital PunishmentAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBringing Democracy to Africa

Ernest Hemingway about Writing Fictions

Ernest Hemingway about Writing Fictions Write Fictions like Ernest Hemingway The heritage of Ernest Hemingway is a remarkable phenomenon not only in the prose of the 20th century but also in the history of world literature in general. He created a big number of masterful stories which influenced the formation of many later known authors. Despite the fact that there is no Hemingway’s single book on the art of writing fiction created by him, literary critics and researchers found a lot of interesting things in his letters, articles and reviews of other books. Let’s take a look at Hemingway’s aces in the hole that made his style so unique. The best way to overcome a writing block is to start with one true sentence Hemingway mentions this method in his famous memoir A Moveable Feast, in which he argues that the truest sentence is an excellent means to start and promote a new story. According to him, there are no reasons to worry, as if you have created one true sentence about something you know or have experienced, you have a basis and can move on. Stop in the moment when you know what thing and events will take place next The great writer always pays extremely big attention to keeping the source of his imagination full, rather than writing a certain number of words per day. The prerequisite for making steady progress is to stop when the writing process runs smoothly and when you know for sure what will happen next. In this case, you won’t be exhausted as a writer and never get stuck. Think of the story only during working hours This point correlates with the previous one. Hemingway recommends not thinking of the story in the intervals between work sessions, in that way you are still subconsciously working on the story. Thinking about it consciously you make your brain tired and exhausted before the real work starts. Following Hemingway’s example, you can be distracted – exercise and thereby harden the body, or read a lot and find some food for thought. By the way, you shouldn’t completely empty your writing source; always leave something on the bottom. Reread the previously created materials to move on This rule is aimed to maintain the principle of continuity. Every day Hemingway read (and corrected if it was necessary) from the very beginning everything he had written, and only after that went further from the moment at which he stopped previously. Make an emotion instead of describing it Observation of life isn’t the only decisive factor for good writing, it’s better to consider it as one the most crucial points for creating worthy stories. You should watch some external changes in the world, notice what internal shifts occur in you and identify precisely what thing caused the emotion. If you can clearly define and depict it in the story, your readers will also experience the same emotion. In addition to that, you should keep balance and sequence of motion and fact in order to make the emotion valid right now, in a year or in twenty years. A pencil is the main means of writing For composing letters or magazine articles Hemingway often used a typewriter, but when he dealt with serious work he preferred a pencil. Hemingway explained that while working with a pencil writer gets three different sights at his work – when reading it over when it’s typed and in the proof. The author can see whether the message sent to the reader is correctly perceived or make some corrections. Be brief Similar to Shakespeare’s Brevity is the Soul of Wit, Hemingway also preferred to be brief. He argued that prose writing has its own laws and they are strict and immutable as well as the laws of physics or mathematics.

Kantian Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Kantian Argument - Essay Example Budeau and Marshal Bedau and Cassell Budeau and marshal hold that the death penalty is morally wrong regardless of the crime committed by the offender. Both opponents of the death penalty have suggested that when analyzing whether a certain crime fit a given punishment, one must look at the impact of the punishment. This includes both the criminal and the society at large (Bedau and Cassell 118). The two argue out that capital punishment creates biased sense of security within the society. Community members feel better in the knowledge that the capital punishment is an option for a severe crime regardless of whether it is applied or not. According to Kant’s framework of ethics (to persons), capital punishment reduces the worth of the criminal who is also is a human being. He further states that the rightness or wrongness of an action is determined, not by the consequences, but by their ability to fulfill our duty. Kant argued that the only intrinsic good thing is a good will ( Bedan 100). An action can only be judged to be good if it fulfills its duty to the moral law. Kant, unlike Pojman, held that particular types of actions (including murder and the death sentence) were extremely prohibited. Before acting, he proposes that there are two issues one need to ponder first. The first is whether everyone will act the same way you act, and whether one’s actions are in contravention to the goals of human beings. With respect to the theory of utilitarianism, individuals ought to undertake an action because it will produce the most happiness than any other action. The act that the morally right action, the action in which everybody has a moral duty to do, is the one that maximizes utility. Utility comprises happiness, well-being, and welfare. Everybody’s happiness counts equally, thus death sentence should be the last option, provided it is the action that provides the most happiness in the end (Bedau and Cassell 159). Pojman Pojman is one of the m ajor proponents of capital punishment. His views strongly suggest that the death sentence acknowledges the offender’s right and worth as a person. This is because it entails treating him as fully responsible for his actions (Bedan 188). Pojman sets out to offer an argument in favor of Capital Punishment as morally right. He builds upon Kantian’s proposition on the importance of an equal penalty for a wrong committed. He accepts the fundamental position that the availability of the death sentence is critical with respect to the argument of justice. He reinforces his argument a critical premise. This proposition holds that a person cannot enjoy their right to life when they have denied the deceased theirs. Provided that our society treats people as free agents and autonomous, capital offenders are required to bear responsibility for their action. The option of an equivalent punishment for an equivalent crime supports the responsibility of nature and government as a citiz enry. MyView Death penalty presents a form of barbaric form of punishment as it is the ultimate denial of human rights. Capital punishment presents a cold-blooded and premeditated killing of human beings by the state. It is not morally correct that the degrading and human punishment be carried out in the name of justice. This is because, as a form of the application of justice, it breaches the right to life as provided in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Amnesty international is

South Africa and the State Florida Brings Me Nirvana-like Tranquility Essay

South Africa and the State Florida Brings Me Nirvana-like Tranquility - Essay Example Until some time ago, it has been hard for me to find peace in the military where I grew up as everything was about rules and obedience. Nevertheless, the opportunity for me to travel around the world gave me some insight into what I truly needed. South Africa then proved to be the closest answer to my needs. When I went there in 1998, there was something in the deep blue waters and the luscious green vegetation of South Africa, something like a call to go back to nature and return to innocence. Some people believe it is just nature itself that gives inspiration to someone during these times but I believe it is more than that. For someone like me who has gotten used to the bustling city life, nature is a whole new experience and this creates in me a feeling of awe. This feeling of awe then seems to instantly and paradoxically fill my mind and empty it at the same time.

Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Business - Essay Example Scholars also mention that Emotional Intelligence (EI) has strong influence on the performance of employees (EP). The basis for such a statement is the assumption that emotional intelligence can enhance individual, team and organizational effectiveness. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance. In particular, this paper aims at defining why emotional intelligence is important for employee performance and how the two concepts are related. First of all this essay will attempt to provide a reader with a basic understanding of what emotional intelligence and employee performance are. Secondly, the paper will utilize existing scholarship research in order to identify the relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance. Thirdly, analysis and evaluation of the relation between emotional intelligence and employee performance will be conducted in order to determine whether emotional intelligenc e is important for employee performance or not. Finally, the presented work will provide conclusions outlining the relationship between emotional intelligence and employee performance, as well as limitations of the given research. ... It is an ability to recognize and understand own emotional responses of self and other people accurately (Cherniss and Adler 2000, 13). The statement of Allameh et al. (2011, 349) also supports this definition saying that emotional intelligence is not a simple quality of a personality; instead, it is a combination of capabilities, which includes comprehension, judgment and perceiving of emotions – own emotions and emotions of other people. Mcshane, Olekalns and Travaglione (2010, 130) have identified four dimensions of emotional intelligence. They are self awareness, self management, social awareness and relationship management. This classification goes in line with the findings of Boyatzis, Goleman and Rhee (1999, 3). These researches have determined that â€Å"emotional intelligence includes two dimensions, internal and external. The self awareness, self image, independence feeling, self realization capacity and decisiveness regard as internal elements. The external element s are inter-individual relationship, compassion and feeling of responsibility.† Finally, many scholars and researchers argue that emotional intelligence have positive influence on employee’s job satisfaction, ability to deal with stress, and work attitudes (Mustafa and Amjad 2011, 241; Allameh et al. 2011, 348). 2.2 Employee Performance (EP) Wu (2011, 22) described employee performance as the amount of effort that employees input into their jobs. The definition of Schermerhorn, Hunt and Osborn (2005, 122) is quite similar – it states that employee performance includes two elements: quantity and quality of final results brought by employee’s or team’s effort achievement. Moreover, Befort and Hattrup (2003, 17) present another perspective at the

Ethical Conduct In War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethical Conduct In War - Essay Example Soldiers comprehend that the military and the fellow soldiers look forward to them to show high sense of honour beyond what is shown in popular culture. The world of honour in military involves an individual discovering his real identity in roles and turning away from the roles is actually turning away from oneself. Hence, soldiers recognize that he or she is expected to take risks and forgo something in order to achieve the task, shield fellow soldier or defend innocent people. The use of force to decrease risk to fellow soldiers while placing the mission or innocent people at risk has to be considered to be inconsistent with military code of honour as well as the professional ethics. While emphasizing ethical behaviour as a goal, soldiers also value utilitarian basis for sustaining the highest moral standards. Education on values in soldiers can ring hollow unless tracked in a manner that offers perspective and shows relevance. Therefore, showing soldiers their enemy’s propa ganda aids in emphasizing the significance of ethical behaviour in countering misinformation. In military, considerate treatment, addressing grievances and developing trust within the population is one of the essential means for achieving success in military operations. Historical examples of extremes or abuse in pursuing tactical convenience have corrupted the moral nature of military units and destabilized planned objectives (â€Å"Moral, Ethical, And Psychological†¦Ã¢â‚¬  13-16). Leaders in military learn from history in order to evaluate their activities and putting modern operations within the perspective of previous experiences. Evaluating previous military operation experiences allows leaders to question contemporary missions, evade mistakes committed in the past, identify opportunities and recognize effective techniques. Though, education and indoctrination in professional military ethics as well as tough and realistic training are essential, they are insufficient in preserving moral character in intense emotional and psychological pressures that result from combat (â€Å"Moral, Ethical, And Psychological †¦" 17). Therefore, leaders prepare units to cope with stress that results from continuous operations within counterinsurgency environment, because combat stress usually results in unprofessional and unethical behaviour. Since counterinsurgency operations are more stressful compared to the conventional war, control of stress is a command responsibility even when grieving the loss of fellow soldiers. Military leaders have to be familiar with grief counselling and be able to watch soldier behaviour carefully in order to identify warning signs of stress like disconnection, suspiciousness toward comrades, distractibility and inconsistency (â€Å"Moral, Ethical, And Psychological †¦" 16). Leaders have to look for soldiers who have become â€Å"revenge driven† because they can break down discipline of the unit and inflict significa nt damage to the mission and fellow troopers; therefore, leaders endorse commitment to fellow troopers and mission as the main motivating factors in war. Certainly following rules of warfare slows down reaction time and forces commanders to discriminate the use of firepower, because the discriminate and precise use of firepower does more good than harm even in the lowest levels. Choosing to be precise in the use of firepo

The Ultimate Fall Out of the Subprime Crisis Essay

The Ultimate Fall Out of the Subprime Crisis - Essay Example This may include the loans that are advanced on some types of investment properties and to some self employee individuals. (Karen, 2007, p. 6) As such Subprime lending can be taken as one of risky activities not only for the borrowers but also for the lenders. This is due to high interest rates, frequent poor credit histories of the borrowers, potential adverse financial situation which may be encountered by the borrowers and others. This study will look at the Subprime problem that has rocked the US market and other markets in the world as well. There has been increased rate of home foreclosure and millions of the US homeowners have lost their homes. There is a general panic that has rocked the industry with so much uncertainty about its future. The paper looked at the Subprime crisis but leaned on the potential fall out of the crisis. This study is important since other studies which have been carried out on the subject have concentrated on the overall cause and trend of the crisis but few have looked at the potential fall out of the crisis and its consequences. The objective of the study was to understand the trend in t he crisis and therefore predict the potential fall out. The study was carried out by collective, reviewing and analyzing secondary data in order to put facts together to understand the potential fall out of the mortgage. ... From the study the authors has understood the trend in the current mortgage crisis, its causes and the potential interacting factor that have made it difficult to resolve it. The author has also understood the potential fall out of the crisis and from this it has been easily to come up with the possible strategies that could be used in the future in order to avoid the repeat of such a crisis. Therefore the study has helped the author to understand the effects that Subprime crisis is likely to have on the lenders and borrowers as well. Aims and objectives of the study The main aim of the study was to look into the Subprime crisis that has currently rocked the US home industry which has also been felt in other countries as well. In order to understand the topic well, the research was also aimed at looking into the developments in the Subprime crisis so as to come up with an understanding of the crisis and potential fall out and its effects on the homeowners. Therefore the main aim of the study was to study the ultimate fall out of the Subprime crisis. To achieve the aim of the study, there were specific objectives which had to be fulfilled first. This was important in order to understand the trend in the crisis and the potential consequences. The following were the objectives of the study; To assess the main factors which have contributed to the Subprime crisis To asses the trend in the Subprime crisis To evaluate the extent of damage that has been caused by the crisis To evaluate the potential effects of the crisis Through the achievement of the objectives the study was able to understand the subject of study well and to draw upon conclusion on the potential effects of the crisis. Therefore they were

Consumer and advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Consumer and advertising - Essay Example In advertising, the purpose of making claims is educating clients and raising their expectations (Best 20). A claim can be a statement of fact or merely an attempt to create hype. Some claims do not always reveal all the details. The Range Rover ad reveals a sleek car moving at a high speed in a road bend. The car appears majestic and lovely beyond words. Its wide body and red color make it appear regal and even wider. The smaller details in fine print further expounds on the virtues of the car and hidden benefits. The message is that the car is not only a powerful machine but also luxurious four-wheel drive road monster. While other cars may come close to the class of the Range Rover, the ad says that the car is still ahead even when placed head to head with similar cars. Therefore, the car deserves to be ranked first in a contest of equals. The Lamborghini ad states that the car is a raging bull. A red car, the car appears ready for action. A cursory glance at it reveals it is ready for contest. Like an enraged bull, the car is capable of reaching above average speeds. The image of a raging bull in the minds of people is strong bull hurtling at dangerous and even killer speed. That is the image the advertiser wants to communicate to the readers; that Lamborghini is a powerful car capable of attaining high speeds. As in the other ads, the Bentley ad says that the car is the best of the breed. A text box in the ad says that Bentley is more than a car. It is mysterious, magical, and majestic. The use of such words is designed to inspire awe in the mind of consumers. It is a claim that is hard to verify. However, for interested users, they have a choice of buying and testing the veracity of the claim. The claim also says that the car is mysterious. That is designed to arouse curiosity. People are naturally curious about things that are mysterious. They are also interested in learning about the secrets behind magic and what makes great things

The Ultimate Fall Out of the Subprime Crisis Essay

The Ultimate Fall Out of the Subprime Crisis - Essay Example This may include the loans that are advanced on some types of investment properties and to some self employee individuals. (Karen, 2007, p. 6) As such Subprime lending can be taken as one of risky activities not only for the borrowers but also for the lenders. This is due to high interest rates, frequent poor credit histories of the borrowers, potential adverse financial situation which may be encountered by the borrowers and others. This study will look at the Subprime problem that has rocked the US market and other markets in the world as well. There has been increased rate of home foreclosure and millions of the US homeowners have lost their homes. There is a general panic that has rocked the industry with so much uncertainty about its future. The paper looked at the Subprime crisis but leaned on the potential fall out of the crisis. This study is important since other studies which have been carried out on the subject have concentrated on the overall cause and trend of the crisis but few have looked at the potential fall out of the crisis and its consequences. The objective of the study was to understand the trend in t he crisis and therefore predict the potential fall out. The study was carried out by collective, reviewing and analyzing secondary data in order to put facts together to understand the potential fall out of the mortgage. ... From the study the authors has understood the trend in the current mortgage crisis, its causes and the potential interacting factor that have made it difficult to resolve it. The author has also understood the potential fall out of the crisis and from this it has been easily to come up with the possible strategies that could be used in the future in order to avoid the repeat of such a crisis. Therefore the study has helped the author to understand the effects that Subprime crisis is likely to have on the lenders and borrowers as well. Aims and objectives of the study The main aim of the study was to look into the Subprime crisis that has currently rocked the US home industry which has also been felt in other countries as well. In order to understand the topic well, the research was also aimed at looking into the developments in the Subprime crisis so as to come up with an understanding of the crisis and potential fall out and its effects on the homeowners. Therefore the main aim of the study was to study the ultimate fall out of the Subprime crisis. To achieve the aim of the study, there were specific objectives which had to be fulfilled first. This was important in order to understand the trend in the crisis and the potential consequences. The following were the objectives of the study; To assess the main factors which have contributed to the Subprime crisis To asses the trend in the Subprime crisis To evaluate the extent of damage that has been caused by the crisis To evaluate the potential effects of the crisis Through the achievement of the objectives the study was able to understand the subject of study well and to draw upon conclusion on the potential effects of the crisis. Therefore they were

Leading speaker Essay Example for Free

Leading speaker Essay Although newborns can detect and orient toward laterally presented sound soon after birth, motor behaviour eliciting procedures should take into consideration the immaturity of the cortical structures of the auditory system, which is believed to be involved in complex temporal processing. For instance, Clifton et al 46 tested the â€Å"precedence effect† phenomenon on newborns, in which a sound is presented from two loudspeakers located in opposite sides of the infant and one speaker is leading the other by a few milliseconds, normally listener locate the sound of the leading speaker. Clifton et al 46 proved that newborn babies were not responsive to the â€Å"precedence effect† as to single source stimuli. This inability seems to improve as the infants get older, so by 24 weeks of age infants were found to orient reliably to both precedence effect and a single source stimuli. 57 In addition to the lack of ability to orient to precedence effect, newborns also showed irresponsiveness to brief sounds i. e. 500 msec and below. 55 Using acoustic stimulation to promote movements has also been documented in the literature. Presenting auditory stimulus in the form of either bell sound or speech by female voice was found to increase the general body movement of newborn babies of 1 to 5 days compared to the effect of pure tone 69. Four to 12 months old infants were found to be more interested in manipulating objects with sound when compared to the same objects with no sound68. Older infants have been found to use auditory and proprioceptive information to guide their reaching behaviour in the dark and they manage to do that fairly well 64-67 . Although the reaches were found to be successful in 70% 66 to 77% 64 of the trials, Perris and Clifton 64 found that the chances of eliciting or promoting reaching movement increase if there was prior motor engagement i. e. manipulation of the sounding object, and /or prior visual experience. At the time of birth the sense of vision is the least developed sense compared to other senses. Anatomical data shows that newborn’s peripheral vision is more mature than the central vision 70 . Using preferential looking to evaluate the human monocular visual acuity in the first three months of life, Courage et al 71 found that central as well as peripheral visual acuity are poor in the first month of life. At birth visual acuity was found to be around 20% of adult visual acuity 72 . A retinoscopic study estimated the focal distance of newborns when fixating an object is around 9 inches 73 . Finally, some behavioural studies found that newborns are able to detect stimuli presented in their peripheral visual field as far as 30-35 ° 74, 75, 76 from midline. Their ability to discriminate objects in the peripheral visual fields is not developed until around the 4 month after birth 77. Although newborns have not developed mature vision, several behavioural studies showed that newborn babies have the ability to process some visual information and use it to initiate motor behaviours. For instance, from the first days of their lives, newborn infants are capable of imitating simple motor actions such as opening and closing the mouth, tongue protrusion, opening and closing of the hand, and index finger movement 78-82 . Imitation of facial gestures has also been observed in babies as young as 45 minutes old 83-84. Recently Nagy et al raised the possibility of the presence of cortical mirror neuron system that may contribute to the emergence of early imitation in newborns 78. Several behavioural studies found that newborn infants are not just able to perform simple motor acts but also able to initiate motor behaviours that are voluntary, controlled and resemble reaching movement. Bower et al 89 and McDonnel 90 found that when newborn infants were presented with an object in 5 different positions, infants changed the direction of their reach to match the direction of the presented object. Bower et al 89 found that 70% of their reaches were within 5 ° and approximately 1. 5 cm of the object. Their reaches were not just considered oriented but also intentional because when they were presented with a virtual rather than a real object they became frustrated. Furthermore, van der Meer, et al 91-92 have found that newborn infants can deliberately adjust their arm movement to correct for a force applied to it, but only if they can see their arm either directly or through a monitor 91-92 . In a further study, van der Meer 93 also showed that neonates have the ability to change direction and control the velocity and deceleration of their arm to put the hand within a 7 cm cross light beam 93 . Interestingly, they noticed that approximately 74% of newborns decelerated the movement of the arm before entering the light, which provided an indication of expectation of light and thus further evidence of an ability to control the arm movement.

Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing

Industrialised Building System for Malaysia Public Housing The Malaysia construction industry plays an important role in generating wealth to the country and development of social and economic infrastructures and building. The industry provides job opportunities for 800,000 people which represented 8% of total workforce (CIMP, 2006). The construction industry is one of the productive sectors that constantly contribute to the economy. According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. IBS is not new to the construction industry in Malaysia. Only it has now remerged worldwide into the 21st century as a reasonable solution to improve overall construction image and performance. The Malaysia government has spared no effort to bring IBS to the drawing tables of all professionals involved in the built environment. Based on the IBS Roadmap (2003), the IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 has been endorsed by the Cabinet of Ministers to be the blueprint document for the industrialisation of the Malaysia construction sector. This is because under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) the Government of Malaysia for the first time to introduced the Low Medium Cost Housing category (the previously it was classified together with medium cost housing category) due to the always increasing demand for housing in this category. In additional, it is to ensure that the middle low income group with salary ranging from RM1,501.00 to RM2,500.00 per month and able to own a house. However, the pricing of low medium cost housing are around RM42,001.00 to RM60,000.00 per unit only. Using IBS in this types of housing project are more suitable because high volume and stability of demand for buildings is the advantages of using IBS. Besides that, it will also reduce the selling price of low medium cost housing. The IBS is a manufactured the building components at factories (off site manufacture), will enable cost saving; safety and health; productivity and quality improvement through the reduction of labour intensity and construction standardisation. Apart from this method, it also offers minimal site wastage, less site materials, cleaner and neater environment, controlled quality, and lower total construction costs. Using higher percentage of IBS in the construction of public housing and other building projects will provide better productivity, quality, and safety, especially for the total construction time saving and cost saving. IBS will contribute towards a better construction industry, as well as improve the global competitiveness of Malaysian builders. Nowadays, IBS in Malaysia become more popularity in the construction industry especially for the Government project. An early effort by the Government of Malaysia to promote usage of IBS and develop an Open Building system (OBS) concept as an alternative to conventional and labour intensive construction method has yet to make headway. According to Works Minister Datuk Mohd Zin Mohamed, the prefabricated parts will be used in all Government projects in a proposal to reduce the dependence on foreign workers. Besides that, it wills also reducing inherent social problems involving these foreign workers. The use of prefabricated parts was part of the IBS which would be adopted for all Government projects. The Government of Malaysia has ordered all government agencies carrying out development and peoples housing projects to use at least 70% IBS content in those projects. Aim A study into using IBS in the public housing in Malaysia and the popularity apply in the construction. Objectives To study the history of IBS in public housing. To study the classification of various types of IBS and apply to public housing. To identify the benefits and barriers of the IBS in public housing. To identify as a potential method to improve overall construction performance. To identify as a popularity for public housing. Hypothesis Apply IBS into public housing will be one of the better construction methods to construct the building. For the future, the IBS will become more and more popularity for construction industry in Malaysia. For the construction cost, time and quality, IBS will be the better one to control all the construction cost, to speed up the construction times and to provide high quality of components. Background Since early 1960s, IBS has been introduced in Malaysia by the use of precast concrete beam-column element and panelized system (Thanoon, 2003). Nearly, 22.7 acres of land along Jalan Pekeliling was dedicated to the project comprising seven blocks of 17-storey flats (about 3,000 units of low-cost flat and 40 shop lots). These first pilot projects are using the Danish System of large panels in a prefabricated system. The second pilot project is a six block of 17-storey flats and three blocks of 18-storey flats at Jalan Rifle Range and using French Estoit System. Apply the IBS in the construction industry will improve overall construction performance such as standardization, total quality improvement, reduce defect, waste reduction, cost saving and etc. But nothing in this world is perfect, so some barriers of using IBS in the construction industry will be the poor knowledge of install IBS, lack of guidance, lack of professional trained in IBS and etc. Based on IBS Roadmap (2003), IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 was developed and published to steer the direction of IBS implementation and promotion activities and guide the practitioners and policy makers on IBS related issues. Scope and limitation of study This paper shall identify the common types of IBS in the construction industry and apply into public housing in order to determine their impact on construction projects and popularity for the public housing. This study is part of the ongoing research appraising and analyzing how we use the IBS in construction and how many percentage of IBS are using in the construction project. Therefore, this study will include the following areas: Definition of IBS in public housing. The history of the IBS for public housing in Malaysia. Classification of IBS in Malaysia. Various types of IBS in construction industry and which one is more useful for public housing. The advantages and disadvantages of using IBS for public housing. The selling price and the popularity using IBS for public housing to the contractor. Research Methodology Literature Review In the beginning, literature review was conducted to determine an overall idea regarding IBS for public housing. This refers to collecting the latest secondary data and information from different sources which including books, journals, magazines, dissertations, conference papers, and information from the internet. These materials were used for background reading to obtain full understanding and information needed for discussion and analysis in the research. Questionnaires A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and other prompts for the purpose of gathering information from respondents. The questions will centre on the KL areas mentioned in the above objectives. A multi-option format will be designed and limited to about 30 questions, in order to obtain a high level of response. Project Plan and Schedule Chapter 1 : Introduction This chapter will include the project title, rationale of the study, scope and limitation of study, research goals and methodology. In addition, aims, objective and hypothesis of the study are included under the research goals. Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter will display the definition of IBS, history of IBS for public housing, classification of IBS in Malaysia, and benefits and barriers of using IBS in construction project for public housing and this literature review will base on the dissertation objectives. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This chapter will discuss on the technique for data collection to achieve the dissertations aim and objective. Besides, it also includes the research sample and method of analysis for the feedback obtained from the respondents. Chapter 4: Data Analysis This chapter wills surveys and analysisÂÂ  the data collectionÂÂ  from the contractor, consultant and developer of people about their opinions, behaviour or knowledge. Chapter 5: Conclusion The conclusion will include summary on the dissertation from chapter 1 to chapter 4 together all the research result to present the overall findings and make appropriate recommendations. References CIDB, 2003. IBS Roadmap 2003-2010. Malaysia: CIDB. CIDB, 2003. National IBS Survey, 2003. Malaysia: CIDB. Kamar, K.A.M.,Alshawi,M. And Hamid,Z.,(2009). Barriers to Industrialised Building System (IBS): The Case of Malaysia. [pdf] United Kingdom: IPGRC. Available at: http://www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Abstract111.pdf. [Accessed 15 May2010] Mohd Rofdzi Abdullah, Kamarul Anuar Mohd Kamar, Mohd Nasrun Mohd Nawi, Ahmad Tarmizi Haron, Mohammed Arif, (2009). Industrialised Building System: A Definition and Concept. [pdf] United Kingdom: ARCOM. Available at: http://www.cream.com.my/publications/whitepapers/Arcom.pdf. [Accessed 05 May 2010] CHAPTER 2:Â  LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter will explain in details and provide the literature review of Industrialised Building System (IBS). Besides that, it will also cover the literature review of building system. Usually, the contents of this chapter are including definitions of IBS, history of IBS in public housing, classification of IBS, types of IBS, characteristic of IBS, benefits and barriers of using IBS in public housing, IBS Roadmap 2003-2010 and IBS scoring system. 2.1 Definitions of IBS Until the present time there has been no single commonly-approved definition of IBS. IBS can be different industry players to define different things. However, there are difference resources to define the several definitions that reflected the concept of IBS and which widely accepted by the construction industry. According to CIDB Malaysia (2001) defines IBS as a construction technique in which components are manufactured in a controlled environment (on or off site), transported, positioned and assembled into a structure with minimal additional site works. As such, components that are being prefabricated in a controlled environment on site are also considered as IBS. While there are numerous descriptions of the IBS concept by local researchers, all of the definitions stressed on prefabrication and mass production. In other definition by Warswaski (1999), the IBS can be defined in which all building are mass produced such as walls, slabs, beams, columns and staircases either in factory or at site factory under strict quality control and minimal wet site activities. Industrialisation process is an investment in equipment, facilities and technology with the purpose of maximising production output, minimizing labour requirement and improving total quality while a building system is defined as a set of interconnected element that joint together to enable the designated performance of a building. Based on Lessing et al (2005) explained IBS as an integrated manufacturing and construction process with well planned organization for efficient management, preparation and control over resources used, activities and results supported by the used of highly developed components. Rahman Omar (2006) defined IBS as a construction system that is built using prefabricated components. The manufacturing of the components is systematically done using machine, formworks and other forms of mechanical equipment. The components are manufactured offsite and once completed will be delivered to construction sites for assembly and erection. Chung Kadir (2007) defined IBS as a mass production of building components either in factory or at site according to the specification with standard shape and dimensions and transport to the construction site to be re-arranged with certain standard to form a building. 2.2 History of IBS in Public Housing IBS in Malaysia has began in early 1960s, according to Thanoon et al (2003) when Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia visited several European countries, at the same time evaluates their housing development program. In the year 1964 and after their successful visit, the Government had launched pilot project on using IBS to increase the delivery time and to construct better quality and affordable houses. The first pilot project was constructed at Jalan Pekeliling in Kuala Lumpur and about 22.7 acres of land was dedicated to the project comprising four blocks of 4-storey flats and seven blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,000 units of low cost flats for the low and median income group and 40 units of shop lots. This housing project was undertaken by Gammon/ Larsen Nielsen and this project are using the Danish System of large panels in a industrialised prefabricated system. According to Thanoon et al (2003), the construction for housing project was complete from 1966 until 1968 (around total 27 months) speed up the time taken in the construction of the around RM 2.5 million casting yard at Jalan Damansara. In 1965, the Government of Malaysia launched a second project, is a three blocks of 18-storey flats and six blocks of 17-storey flats and comprising total about 3,699 units and 66 units of shop lots along at Jalan Rifle Range in Penang. The housing project was honoured by Hochtief/ Chee Seng and this project are using French Estoit System (Din, 1984). This housing project was complete within 27 months. If we are mention to the two pilot projects, a performance comparison between the IBS and the conventional system has been carried in terms of cost, productivity, quality, and time. According to the research, the first pilot project incurred 8.1% higher costs than a similar building such as using conventional construction method, while the second pilot project was lower. In term of total construction speed, both of the housing project required total 27 months to complete the whole project, inclusive of time required to set up the recasting factories. The total quality of building finishes was also found to be better than the using conventional construction method. Another earliest using IBS in public housing project was at Taman Tun Sardon in Penang. These using IBS in public housing project total all about 1,000 units of 5-storey walk up flat and this project are using IBS precast component and system. The IBS precast component and system in the housing project was designed to the low cost housing by British Research Establishment and especially for the low and median income group. According to the research of Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) 2006, almost at the same time at Edmonton in North London, there are using similar system was constructed and total amount about 20,000 BRECAST dwellings were constructed throughout UK from 1964 until 1974. Based on Rahman and Omar (2006), the total all building design was very basic and quite simple and not considering the feature of serviceability such as the local or user needs to have wet toilet and bathroom. According to the CIDB (2006), many constructions in the following years using precast wall panel system. Low cost high rise residential building is one of the processes to survey that IBS was connect at first place in the construction to overcome the increasing demand for housing needs. For all that, in the earlier stage was never sustained for the industrialisation of construction. Failure of early closed fabricated system made the industry afraid of changing their construction method. The information was based on the CIDB (2005), using IBS in construction were also found not be so suitable with Malaysia climate and social practices especially for the foreign systems that were introduced during the late 60s and 70s. Introduced than in the construction market were constantly being newer and better technologies. Based on CIDB (2005), identified to be suitable to be used in our tropical climate is the wet joint systems and it was also better to using in the bathroom types which were comparatively wetter than those in the Europe. Another about 1200 units of housing using prefabrication technology were is launched by the Penang State Government in 1978. After two years later, the Ministry of Defense to be build around 2800 units of living quarters and adopted large prefabricated panel construction system in Lumut Naval Base (Trikha and Ali, 2004). Enhance the using of precast concrete system in high rise residential building during the 90s; this is because total demand for the new township has seen to increase. According to the research, Perbadaan Kemajuan Negari Selangor (PKNS) as a state Government development agency acquired precast concrete technology from Praton Haus International based on Germany to build low cost housing and high cost bungalows between 1981 and 1993 for the new townships in Selangor (Hassim et al, 2009 and National IBS Survey, 2003). It was recorded then; total around 52,000 housing units was constructed and using Praton Haus system. In Malaysian construction industry, using IBS as a method of construction is evolving. Nowadays, more local manufacturers have established themselves in the market. Many had acquired enough knowledge through technology transfer to build up own capacity in IBS technologies and this research are base on PKNS Engineering, and Setia Precast and Global Globe. The current stage of IBS used in Malaysia housing projects can be classified into four categories. It was reported that at least 21 manufactures and suppliers of IBS are actively promoting their systems in Malaysia. IBS move to the next step of the development through the establishment of IBS Centre at Jalan Chan Sow Lin, Cheras in Kuala Lumpur. Using IBS in the construction will improve the total performance and quality of construction, as well as to minimize the unskilled foreign labour in the construction industry. 2.3 Classification of Building System There are four types of building system currently available in Malaysias building system classification and this are according to Badir Razali (1998). The building system can be namely as a Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood; Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork; the Composite building system and Prefabricated system and this four types of building system is shown as below. Each building system is represented by its respective construction method which is further characterised by its construction technology, functional and geometrical configuration. There from the four systems, are identified as IBS excluding conventional building system. Building System Conventional Column-beam- slab frame system with timber and plywood. Cast in-situ system with steel or aluminium as formwork. Composite building system Prefabricated system Table Form Tunnel Form Panel system Frame system Box system Flow Chart 1: Type of building system in Malaysia. 2.3.1 Conventional Construction Method Conventional construction method is defined as components of the building that are prefabricated on site through the processes of timber or plywood formwork installation, steel reinforcement, and cast in-situ. This construction method is mostly built of reinforced concrete frames for conventional building. Using the wooden formwork mainly is for the traditional construction method and need take some time to construct the formwork before concreting. This construction method is much more costly for construction which is need includes total labour requirement, raw material, transportation and very importance once is low speed of construction. 2.3.2 Cast In-Situ Construction Method This cast in-situ construction method is more suitable for a country where the unskilled labour is limited. There construction method is not a using heavy machinery or high technology involved. The system is technically and applicable to almost all types of building design. The formwork is used as a mould where wet concrete is poured into a temporary system and the temporary system also acts as a temporary support for the structures. The main objective of a cast in-situ construction method is to weed out and reduce the using traditional timber formwork, brickwork, and plastering. A carefully planned in-situ work can maximise the productivity, speed and accuracy of prefabricated construction. Cast in-situ method uses lightweight prefabricated formwork made of steel or fibreglass or aluminium that is easily erected and dismantled. The steel reinforcement is placed within the formwork after finishes construct the formwork. After placing the reinforcement they are being erected and concrete is poured into the mould. When the concrete is set and according to the required strength, the moulds are dismantled. The workers can be easily trained to erect the moulds and set the steel reinforcement. These construction methods are required limited labour and it will reduce the total labour need. Its advantages over the conventional construction method include, low skill workers requirement, speedy construction, low building m aintenance, durable structure and less construction cost. 2.3.3 Composite Construction Method The main objectives of composite construction method or call partially prefabricated are to improve quality of components, reduce construction cost, and shorten total all construction time. It is used to describe a manufacturing or production strategy that selectively uses some industrialising aspects, while avoiding or postponing the use of others. The concept of composite construction method is derived from the composite nature of full industrialisation. The prefabricated construction method is combined in such a manner that the features applied could be prominently demonstrated, especially composing various works such as temporary facilities, building frames, building finishes, and equipments. 2.3.4 Prefabricated Construction Method In this prefabricated construction method, all structural elements can be standardised are prefabricated in the factory. Usually, this construction method would absorb the assembly of precast elements such as floor slabs, in-filled walls, bathrooms, and staircases into place for incorporation into the main units, columns and beams. This construction method will increase the productivity of the industry and it will reduce the amount of site labour involved in building operations. Precast building systems can reduce the time of a project if certain conditions are met. The last three construction methods (from the flow chart 1) are considered as a non conventional construction methods. These three types of construction method are specifically aimed at increasing performance of construction. Through using the better construction machinery, equipment, technology and materials and it will increase the productivity and total quality of work. 2.4 Classification of IBS According to Badir et al. (1998), IBS can be classified according to several aspects:- Classification according to structural system. Classification according to material. Classification according to relative weight of components. 2.4.1 Classification According to Structural System According to Abraham Warszawski (1999), IBS can be classified according structural systematic aspects. The IBS can be classifies into three categories such as:- Frame System. Panel system. Boxes system. Figure 1, 2, and 3 below as shows the concept of the system as classified above. 2.4.1.1 Frame System According to Badir (1998), linear and frame system is system that use main structure such as column and beam where columns and beams support all the building weight. The walls need to be light and easy to install and concrete panels are introduces as flooring element. 2.4.1.2 Panel System According to Badir (1998), in the panel system, loads are distributed through large floor and wall panels where walls support the building weight. This system is applicable to buildings which functionally require a large number of walls such as apartment house, hotel and hospital. This system is not applicable to buildings with large spans or many stories. So, this panel system is more suitable to build the public housing in the certain high storey. 2.4.1.3 Box System According to Badir (1998), the rectangular or three dimensional systems or boxes system include those systems that employ three dimensional modules or boxes for fabrication of habitable units that is capable of withstanding load from various directions due to their internal stability. 2.4.2 Classification According to Material 2.4.2.1 Timber The timber have a two types of prefabrication which is ready-cut plus shop fabrication of joints this mostly for the columns and beams and another is structural panels where there are only for walls and floors without columns and beams. 2.4.2.2 Brick and Block work Laying of brick or block work are carried out in a mass at factory and transported to site or on site construction. Besides the, building are under construction in the form of panel and then erected. 2.4.2.3 Steel Steel construction essentially contains factors of prefabrication which is one of the criteria of IBS. Elements are jointed by welding, riveting or bolting on site. The large proportion of the strength to the weight allows a long-span or high-rise building. 2.4.2.4 Reinforced Concrete There are two basic directions in development of reinforced concrete IBS component which is panelised components such as walls and floors and precast frame members such as columns and beams. The characteristic of reinforced concrete has high degree of availability, low material cost, durability, and fire resistance. Jointing at site is the key issue of this system. 2.4.3 Classification According to Relative Weight of Component The IBS components can be classified according to their relative weight as show in Table 1 below. Relative to weight of components should be used as a basic for building classification due to the factor of weight has significant impact on the transportability of components and has influence on the production method of the components and their erection method on site. No General System System Production Material 1 Frame System Light weight frame Wood, light gage metals Medium light weight frame Metal, reinforced plastics, laminated wood Heavy weight frame Heavy steel, concrete 2 Panel system Light and medium weight panel Wood frame, metal frame and composite material Heavy weight panel (factory produced) Concrete Heavy weight panel (tilt up-produced on site) Concrete 3 Box system (modules) Medium weight box (mobile) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Medium weight box (sectional) Wood frame, light gage metal, composite Heavy weight box (factory produced) Concrete Heavy box (tunnel produced on site) Concrete Table 1: Building system classification according to relative weight of component. (Majzub, 1977) 2.5 Types of IBS and Apply to Public Housing According to CIDB (2003), the IBS is a construction process that using techniques, products, components, or building system which involve prefabricated components and on-site installation. Base on the structure aspects of the system, IBS can be identified into five major groups such as:- Precast Concrete Framing, Panel and Box Systems Precast concrete elements are the most common type in this area. There are precast concrete for columns, beams, slabs, walls, lightweight precast concrete, and permanent concrete formwork. This all item are consider using precast method. Besides that, it is also consist of 3D components such as balconies, staircases, toilets, lift chamber, refuse chambers and etc. This precast method is more famous for the construction industry, especially for the public housing when construct using the IBS. Using this method can saving the total construction time if compare to the conventional method. Steel Formwork Systems This is the system formwork which designed by manufacturer to replace a conventional timber formwork. It can be described as a mould which the wet concrete can be poured into the mould and form the required shape. These steel formworks systems are subjected to structural quality control and generally involve site casting. So, this type of IBS method is considered as the low level or least prefabrication in the construction industry. However, this steel formwork systems does offer fast construction and construction time saving and at the same time will provide high quality of finishes with less site labour and material requirement. These steel formwork systems will include table forms, tunnel forms, tilt-up systems, beam and columns moulding forms and permanent steel formworks like metal decks and etc. This steel formwork system also one of the famous system used by the contractor during the construction. Steel Framing Systems These steel framing systems have always been the popular choice and used extensively in the fast track construction projects and this system commonly used with precast concrete slabs, steel columns and beams. Current stage of development in this type of IBS includes the increased usage of light steel trusses. It is consisting of cost-effective profiled cold-formed channels and steel portal frame systems as alternatives to the heavier traditional hot-rolled sections. Nowadays, this method is more useful for the housing project, especially for the steel roof trusses (show as below figure 6). This is because the timber roof trusses need the labour to take some time to construct it and lastly need the anti-termite for the timber roof trusses. Prefabricated Timber Framing Systems These prefabricated timber framing systems is using the timber in the construction industry for construct the building. Usually the timber framing system are consists of timber building frames and timber roof trusses (show as below figure 7). While the steel framing systems have been the more popular choice on construction industry, but the timber roof truss system also have its own market where it is offering interesting designs from simple dwelling units to buildings requiring high aesthetical values such as chalets for resorts. This prefabricated timber framing system we can see in the traditional building. Block Work Systems By using this effective alternative system, the tedious and time-consuming traditional brick laying tasks are greatly simplified. The construction method of using conventional bricks has been revolutionize